An experiment is a test, usually comprising a series of trials under different conditions. Experiments are used widely in the engineering world for characterizing performance of a product, constitutive relationships of elements in a system (e.g. a spring constant or electrical impedance), material properties under standard geometries, deflections under defined boundary and loading conditions (for validating finite-element models), and many, many other relationships.
Experiments are done when there is no practical or cost-effective means for modeling a relationship amongst variables (which input variables are most influential on the output response) to reduce the time required to design & develop new products & processes, and to understand where to set inputs so that output is near a desired value to improve performance. Experiments are a means to evaluate design alternatives.
An experimental plan describes controlled variables (fixed conditions in the experiments), manipulated variables (inputs that are explicitly changed in experimental conditions, including knowing that these variables have been set to correct values); and responding variables (outputs that are measured in a known manner).
The plan needs to describe the procedure in sufficient detail that it could be duplicated by others, and the order in which experimental trials are conducted to reduce temporal bias associated with when trials are done (including repeats).
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Changing one variable at a time is very inefficient. Interactions may be poorly understood. Statistically designed experiments using the factorial concept allow for more than one variable to be changed at a time. Factorial design of experiments allows for the range of all inputs to be covered without having to test every combination of all variables.
A clear and complete plan will be a good guide as you do the work; there is less chance that something important is forgotten; and having a procedure means that you will have that part of the thesis already written.